پژوهشنامه ادبیات داستانی
سال دوم شماره 6 (بهار 1393)

This article has tried to examine the ancient Greek tragedy and modern tragedy due to various ideas of Hegel regarding to art and aesthetics. Hegel believed in the ancient Greek tragedy as a drama in which there is a conflict of two issues that are morally acceptable, but at the end of tragedy, the conflict will be solved. So- in accordance to writer’s assumption- on the one hand, we should find trace of classical art’s characteristics in Greek tragedy and on the other hand, the characteristics of romantic art due to the principles of Hegel,in order to separate them into the history of art. it is expected that the romantic art which is recent than classical one, be more complete and superior form of art and so modern tragedy which is recent than ancient one, be more complete and superior form of tragedy. While in Hegel’s view, this is ancient tragedy that have more consistent with the principle of tragedy - or tragedy in general. This essay tries to examine the ancient Greek tragedy and modern tragedy due to Hegel’s ideas, in order to answer the illusion.

Modern human’s effort is to achieve and manifest his desires and pleasure pushes him into an inner conflict. Social norms and regulations play a deterrent role in the achievement of pleasure, but, at times, the mirth-making id becomes so recalcitrant that tears loose of everything. Ebrahim’s Anxiety is the clash of two psychological structures of id and superego. The purpose of the story is embody the cultural autopsy of society, in order to show an image of the invisible aspects of reality to the reader. In modern novels, the inner reality is prior to the outer reality, therefore, Ebrahim’s Anxiety starts off with the inner conflict of the story’s protagonist and the expression of Shahryar Ebrahim’s fears and concerns. In this novel, Mirsadeghi portrays the desires and demands of the contemporary man in the turmoil between two revolutions. Freud’s view of human’s psychological structure is explored before reviewing and analyzing the novel. The main issues are discussed include scrutinizing the reflection of reality in the mind of the protagonist, his individualism, his isolationism and the analysis of his character relying on Freud’s theoretical framework. In this research, the protagonist’s character is analyzed based on Freudian views. There is no research like this in the works of Mirsadeghi.

Noor Al Din Pesar Iran’s book is memory on holy defense concerning story literature. Whereas one of key elements of today story telling is character and characterization, this study tries to concern with character in the foresaid book. The main issue of study is the classification of character features in the book. The results show that Noor Al Din Pesar Iran’s book is based on character and the marginal characters play to progress the main character and the story. The author merely uses the report method in order to introduce the main character by dramatic method. The main character is stable, but other are dynamic. The author directly and indirectly describes characters, the main characterization is directly, sometimes, it is indirectly, such as conversation, stream of consciousness, play, description of appearance, names and different cities, point of view, place, time, internal and external character.

Laili va Majnoon is one of the most known old Persian romantic fictions that derived from Arabic literature. It was Nizamiganjavi who first turned it into the Persian poem and after that many authors imitated of his Khamse such as; Amirkhosrowdehlavi is the most known his imitators. Story elements play an important role in the success of a fiction or poem. One of the most important story elements is the plot that is divided to several subtitles like complication element. This essay tries to analyize Nizami’s and Amirkhosrow’s Laili va Majnoon due to complication element.It is necessary to say that Dehlavi has written a better work comparing to Nizami due to complication element, it is on the contrary with what has been known among literains.

Accompanying With My Mother is based on Simin Behbahani’s life(1306-1393) which was published before her death in 1391 in Sokhan press. The prose is heteroglissia including three different narration; the first person narration, the second person narration and the third person narration. The first person narration and the third person narration are frequently used, but the second person narration is widely applied, the stream of consciousness dates back to past, present and future. After introduction, there is a brief expression of different narrations. This book is a combination of the author’s mother(in the third person narration) and the author’s autobiography(the first person narration), while the later dominates on the former.

One of the modern methods of narration is stream of consciousness. In this type of narration, a writer tends to get himself lost, but it seems that the main part of the event would take place at the time when the reader would read the story and he attends in the mind of the characters. Regarding some theorists, the novel "Farhad's Body" by Abbas Maroufi is based on stream of consciousness. This paper aims to recognize the characteristics of Persian contemporary novels supposing the narrative structure of the novel "Farhad's Body" due to the stream of consciousness style. It tries to answer some of the basic questions in the descriptive-analytical method, for example; can the novel can be definitely classified among the works of stream of consciousness? The results of this study suggest that the author of the novel, has used monologue, in order to expresses a different representation of the ethereal woman in "The Blind Owl" Sadegh Hedayat. Here are some of various features of stream of consciousness such as: internal point of view, types of monologues, association, illusion, time jumps, the dominance of mind and illusive atmosphere and so on makes this novel close to works of stream of consciousness.